Future of Construction Process: 3D Concrete Printing

Concrete Printing Process developed at Loughborough University in the UK is capable of producing building components with a degree of customisation that has not yet been seen. It could create a new era of architecture that is adapted to the environment and fully integrated with engineering function. Web: www.buildfreeform.com

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Hong Kong Airport Construction Project - 01

A documentry about the construction of Hong Kong Airport and its related projects.

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Construction: Lateral Stability

Construction: Lateral Stability: training video from the Corus BCSA training pack

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Grape Vine Trellis Construction - Don't Consider Building One Until You've Read This

Before you go out and get your materials to build a grape trellis do a little planning. There are a few facts you need to get straight first. If not you risk wasting effort, money and not having a useful structure fit for its purpose.

The very first question you need to ask yourself is exactly how many vines do propose to have? If it's just a handful, consider growing them over an arbor or on a lattice fastened to a wall. You could even go go for a decorative wrought iron feature. This could prove to be a striking focal point to you garden. Picture yourself strolling out and snipping of a bunch of succulent grapes at harvesting time.

In a different situation if you are planning on more plants, a few dozen to several hundred that is going to require installing a proper trellis structure. The design and materials are ultimately going to be your choice however this might be influenced by various factors such as the costs involved. Now you will understand why getting it right first time is essential.

Grape vines need to be placed eight feet apart to allow room to spread as they grow. Because these plants are not self supporting all their weight is going to hang on the structure you build. Imagine dozens of mature plants each laden with 20 or 30 pounds of fruit, branches and foliage and you get the idea just how much strain will be placed on a trellis. Therefore a strong, well constructed framework made using suitable materials is crucial.

All the different building materials available to you have their good and bad points. For example timber is probably the cheaper option. It's easy to work with and versatile. You can build a 'ranch style fence' similar to the ones seen as horse corrals in movies. They are strong, quite adequate for your grapes and simple to construct.

The alternative to the above is to sink 3 or 4 inch diameter timber posts at least two feet into the ground. Concreting them in gives immense stability. Next string 12.5 gauge galvanised wire along the posts and secure with galvanised staples. The height you 'string' at depends on the variety of vine you will be using. You can use guy ropes at the end of rows to maintain tension or more posts angled into the ground for increased strength. Any kind of timber though must be treated as it is going to be exposed to the elements for many years.

In complete contrast to timber you might consider using plastic or metal. Again each has its merits. Plastic is easy to work with, weather resistant and generally inexpensive. Metal on the other hand is extremely strong and providing it is painted or waterproofed will last a very long time. Also metal may be more costly than timber.

So you can understand from the guidance given here it is vital you work out in advance how much material you are going to need for the project. Factor into your calculations everything no matter how small as it's surprising how the costs mount. Compare the different building materials and once more factor in added costs such as paint for metal posts or different fastening for the wires.

When you have all the information you will better able to make a decision on the most suitable and cost effective way to construct your grape trellises.

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High Tunnel House Construction Manual

Video companion to printed manual

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Applications Of Structural Engineering Services In Construction

Structural engineering services is a part of building engineering discipline that is about the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. While doing any construction work, you have to use high quality material for your safety purpose. Structural engineering services help a lot in this concern.
What are structural engineering services and its applications?
Structural engineering services are about doing design of things to be built and then helping to build buildings, bridges, tunnels, towers. It is also used to analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. This covers designing of structural elements of a structure, for example the beams, columns and floors of a building.
Structural engineering services ensure that building designs satisfy given design criteria, predicated on safety or serviceability and performance. It should also take care that building structures must not fall down without due warning or building bend must not cause discomfort to the occupants. Set of physical laws and experiential knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials plays an important role here.
Talking about applications of structural engineering services, some of them are as follow:
•    Structural drafting services that covers structural drafting, 2d drafting services, structural 2d drafting and structural drawings
•    Precise structural steel detailing services such as steel fabrication drawings, advance steel fabrication services, steel detailing, steel design, steel beam design
•    structural analysis drafting and design services
•    structural 3D modeling services for 3d design, 3D Modeling structure design, structural BIM services, building information modeling
•    construction documents, construction document management, construction document preparation
All these applications are very decisive in the construction industry. So it is advisable to hire or consult a structural engineer in order to implement such services effectively and fast. A structural engineer has immense knowledge about every concept of building design and can handle such critical construction activities smoothly. Also he has proficiency in using latest tools and technologies for better designing of buildings.
So for more information about structural engineering services, please contact us at: http://www.structuraldraftingdesign.com/aboutus.php or email us your requirements at: info@structuraldraftingdesign.com

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Bridge Detailing Expertise & Bridge Structural Design for Bridge Construction

Bridge detailing and design have become important necessity in recent days for Construction Industry. It’s a different concept than traditional building construction and designing business. Moreover, it is quite challenging and more advantageous business division than others. Bridge detailing and bridge structural design are used for complete bridge construction phases.
Bridge detailing is a set of processes for creating detailed drawings, detailed design plans, construction drawings of proposed bridge – it can be of any type (steel bridge and concrete bridge). It gives a perfect pictorial representation of about how your bridge will look like after it gets constructed. While doing this, one should take extreme care of accuracy and measurements of respective bridge components.
Detailed bridge detailing and bridge structural design include following important information about bridge construction:
•    Bridge construction designing plans view that will illustrate important aspects about bridge design
•    Cross Sectional / Bridge Elevation Views
•    Detailed data about various bridge components like shafts, columns, elevations, bearings etc
Bridge detailing drawings are widely used these days by structural engineers and contractors to clearly understand bridge detailing, bridge structural design concepts. Bridge detailing layouts, bridge detailing drawings sheets are also used for the same. Some of the areas where bridge detailing, bridge structural design can be used to understand concepts in more detail are as follow:
•    Steel bridge construction
•    Reinforced concrete bridge construction
•    Detailed drawings that mention bridge expansion joints
•    Bridge information modeling
Bridge detailing and bridge structural design can be vital in Bridge Construction Industry for one or more purposes. Get used to them and achieve exceptional benefits in bridge construction business. For more information about bridge detailing and bridge structural design, please visit: http://www.outsourcestructuraldesign.com/bridge-detailing.php
Please send your inquiries about bridge detailing at: info@outsourcestructuraldesign.com

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New Building Construction Methods - Pre Engineered Steel Buildings

We are increasingly seeing the effects of building collapse due to earthquakes in regions such as Haiti and collapse due to poor workmanship such as the recent building collapses in Kiambu. With rapid urbanization, more high-rise buildings are coming up in major towns creating perfect recipes for disaster as people get trapped underneath tons and tons of concrete in case the building unfortunately collapses -either due to an earthquake or poor workmanship. There are solutions to avoid this kind of disaster by having flexible steel grid supported buildings with light-weight sandwich panel wall infill.

Several major towns in Kenya such as Nakuru sit right in the middle of the Rift Valley which is a seismically unstable region and earthquakes are not known to give notice before they strike.

Measures should be taken to ensure that there are mechanisms in place to give early warning to avoid disasters. Countries that are prone to earthquakes such as Japan have an average of 40% of new high-rise buildings coming up in Steel structural frames-one of the world's highest-this is partly dues to steel's ability to resist the impact of severe earthquakes. Past earthquakes in USA [San Francisco-1906, Long Beach-1933, and Japan [Kanto -1923] during the first part of this century gave engineers confidence in steel as a reliable material for earthquake resistant design. During these events, there were typically fewer problems observed in steel structures as compared with concrete and masonry buildings of similar size and scale.

PEB system of construction is based on the U.S.A Building code. PEB system originated from U.S.A which produces over 1 million PEB Structures per year.

In Kenya, we mainly rely on the British Building code and standards for construction. The British Standard is mainly Reinforced -Concrete based as in most structures such as columns and beams are designed to be concrete-based with twisted steel reinforcement of between 8 mm to 20mm thickness in the inside. This is the type of building construction that you will see every day in Kenya and East Africa in general.

The PEB system replaces the concrete columns and beams with I Section steel beams and columns. With the rapidly increasing price of cement for making the concrete, this design is certainly more cost-effective. The floor surface can be made of concrete or steel.

International Casino Car Park, Chiromo road roundabout.

A good example of this in Kenya is the Car Pak at the International Casino hotel next to the Chiromo road roundabout near Westlands.

This car park has a concrete surface suspended and supported by steel I beams and columns as shown below.
The car park is very strong-it has supported the weight of cars for very man years and it has not a slight sign of failure.

This means that if used to support a building where the loading is mainly human and furniture e.g. offices and residential buildings, the PEB system will work excellently since if it can support the heavy load of cars, then it can support the light load of humans and furniture.

Earthquake Loading design.

The structural design of the PEB will depend on the Live loads, Earthquake, collateral and wind loads that are specified by the consultant structural engineer in conjunction with the relevant Local Authority Building approval department.

PEB subsystems

The main building structure comprises of 2 subsystems:-[1]a rigid steel frame including columns, rafters, beams and purlins and [2] wall and roof panels.

The roof and walls are made of Sandwich panels. Sandwich panels comprise of an exterior metal skin, a polyurethane interior core and an interior flat skin made of metal. The core thickness is available in 35, 50, 75 and 100mm.The density of the polyurethane is 35-40Kg/m3.

Design Code.

The design code used is in accordance with the Steel Construction Manual published by the American Institute of Steel Construction [AISC].

All welding is done in accordance with the Structural Welding Code-Steel D1.1 of the American Welding Society[AWS].

PEBs are designed using guidelines published by Metal Building Manufacturers Association of U.S.A which is a world-recognized authority on pre-engineered steel buildings and its guidelines are accepted as standard practice in his industry.

The Universally recognized code is the International Building Code published by the International Code Council of U.S.A.

In Kenya, recently, a commission was formed under he Ministry of Hosing to review the country's Building Code which was published in 1963 and is out-dated. This code is based on the British Building code and hence effectively discourages other cost-effective methods of construction such as PEB in Kenya. Once the new Building Code is published, we hope that it will include other innovative building construction methods found all over the world especially now that we have seen a few buildings collapsing around Kenya.

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Estimating Building Construction Costs - Elements and Tools

The practice of estimating building construction costs is as important a step as the construction itself. In building a home, a facility or any other structure, it is important to approximate the amount that will be used on the project or come up with an estimate as close as possible to the actual costs. Most construction project failures, be it domestic or commercial, are caused by lack of balance in the anticipated cost of the project and the actual expenses.

Elements of a building construction cost estimate

A building cost estimate should take into consideration a lot of factors. First is the time-frame of the project and the type and size of the building or structure that will be built. Another is labor cost or the wages that will be paid to the workers who will be doing the job. Third is the price of the materials like cement, metal, wood and whatever building supplies that will be used in the structure.

Another important concern is the equipment cost or the cost of the machinery that will be used in building the house or the facility. Subcontractor costs are also significant. And so are indirect costs, which are extras that will be spent outside the primary cost concerns. Aside from these, other expenses such as taxes, compliance costs and certification should be included in the estimate.

Tools of cost estimates

There are a number of tools and services that a building or home owner can consider to come up with an estimate for the project. One is the free online building estimate tool. These free online tools can be easily accessed and can provide a useful estimate for the project. Take note, though, that such tools are very basic and are good only for the start of the project.

Another option is hiring a professional cost estimator. There are a number of these professionals who will be more than willing to lend their services for a certain fee. Check for certification or choose the ones recommended by someone who has already tried the estimator's services. Software programs are also another option. These software packages are used by architects and builders when they make their own estimates and are deemed reliable. However, one might need an expert who knows how to use these programs and how to interpret the data they provide for them to be effective.

It is important to have an estimate of building construction costs before a homeowner or facility builder proceeds with the project. Unless the project will have unlimited budget and the owner can afford to throw a lot of money away, then estimates might not be needed. But then, we all know there is no one in the world who would risk wasting his money on an unplanned construction project, particularly the richest among us.

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Structural Steel Detailing - A Steel Building Construction Boon

Steel building construction has gained more and more attention of construction industry nowadays as the number of benefits that these buildings provide is much higher than other buildings. Steels building construction is highly served by a wonderful process called "structural steel detailing". It really is a special boon as far as building construction is concerned.

Structural detailing - a standard process for better and more effective buildings construction can be defined as a process of producing detailed working drawings related with steel- fabrication and steel- erection. These detailed drawings contain valuable information such as detailed working drawings and design plans, construction drawings and other building documents. All these information is very much necessary for the construction and erection of steels members that are widely used in the construction of buildings like residential, commercial and industrial buildings.

Now talking about steels members, they are fundamental building components such as columns, beams, braces and trusses, handrails, stairs, joists and metal decking. Every small important information regarding these members are covered in detailing process. Structural detailing illustrates the common structural shapes in use and how these shapes are joined to form members and complete building structures.

Also structural detailing mainly focuses on detailing practices and building member conventions. One of the limelight features of structural- detailing is that it thoroughly explains detailing information for standard sections, steel bolts and welds. This enables builders to clearly visualize their proposed building structure and develop an effective construction technique for further construction activities. Structural -detailing also clarifies certain important aspects such as where and how to erect the fabricated members. These detailing drawings typically demonstrate dimensioned detailing plans to builders, contractors to locate the building elements.

So from above, it is quite clear that structural- detailing can surely be considered as a construction boon due to its wide range of utilities and importance.

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Architectural 3D Design - 3D CAD Drawings For Building Construction

Architectural 3D Design is the wisest option for building designs and building drawings these days. Perfect architectural 3D design drawings prepared by architectural engineers help you to build even safer and stronger building structure. They give builders realistic 3D views of buildings and allow them to build it accordingly with maximum comfort.

As the building design and construction business is expanding day by day, it is quite advisable to use latest and feasible options for your business. Architecture 3D CAD drawings prove to be the right alternative for individuals as well as large business organizations. These CAD drawings are useful in each phase of designing and construction buildings.

3D CAD drawings are 3 - Dimensional representation of different types of building structures. This cad drawing allows builders in viewing any designed building component from every possible angle. CAD - Computer Aided Design is used in preparing such architecture 3D drawings. CAD drawing is used throughout whole process, starting from conceptual architecture 3D design and architectural layouts of products to the very end.

Architecture 3D design and 3D drawings are vital in:
o 3d architectural rendering
o 3d home design
o architectural house plans
o 3d exterior images
o 3d interior design
o 3d floor plans
o 3d exterior design

Architectural engineers create these architecture 3-D CAD drawing for building construction companies. An architectural engineer first understands the detailed specifications about the building structure. Then according to latest trends in building design business, he prepares reliable 3-D CAD drawings as per user's requirements. For this, he should be well aware of architectural engineering concepts and should have thorough knowledge for the same.

Thus accurate architectural 3D design and error free 3D CAD drawings from specialists will help in getting your building project done within time limit - allowing you to save your precious time as well as your money. For further information about architectural 3D design or 3D CAD drawings, please visit :
http://www.3drenderingindia.com/

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Use of Steel Fabrication Drawings & Shop Drawings in Construction

Use of steel fabrication drawings and shop drawings in Construction has become quite a popular and effective option in order to get your building constructed perfectly. Steel fabrication drawings and shop drawings have their own importance as far as building construction is concerned. They give lots of assistance to builders and designers to effective build their proposed building structure.

Steel fabrication drawings are set of drawings / pictorial representation regarding building components. They are very much essential if you want to use pre-fabricated components. Some of the pre-fabricated building components that are most widely used are:

o Steel elevators
o Trusses
o Windows
o Appliances
o Cabinet

Steel fabrication drawing and shop drawing are perfect option to demonstrate important and necessary information regarding construction documents for building structures. These drawings convey detailed data about each and every design specification and dimension specifications of building components. Steel- fabrication drawing, metal fabrication shop drawing, CAD shop drawing, cabinet shop drawing and steel detailing drawings are therefore widely preferred factors in Construction Industry.

Some other areas of utilization of fabrication drawing, shop drawings are as follow:

o Steel member Detail Drawings - for columns, beams and bracings with location of bolt holes and connecting members
o Anchor Setting Plan
o Steel Erection Drawings
o Steel Trusses member and connection details
o paper-based documents and sketches for pre-fabricated building components
o Different set of drawings that indicates special fabrication instructions, dimensions, etc.

In Construction industry, it is highly appreciated that specialized work should be done by specialized professionals. Steel fabricators and shop drawings specialists are the best option for anyone to get accurate steel- fabrication drawings and related services.

For more information about steel fabrication drawings, shop drawings please visit: http://www.cadserviceslondon.com/fabrication-shop-drawings.php or drop an email regarding your queries at: info@cadserviceslondon.com.

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Foundations - The First 'Concrete' Step in Prepping Land For Construction

A building is only as good as its foundation, especially since you cannot build anything on land that is not strong enough to support a heavy structure. This is essentially the first real step you will take in converting raw land into buildable land, and this involves the following basic steps:

Assessing the strength of the soil

Some structures can be built with minimal foundation changes, while others might require you to dig up a few meters into the ground to provide a solid-enough foundation.

This is a task best left to a geotechnical engineer. Such engineers are trained to identify the properties of the soil, from its bulk density to its porosity, and they will be able to come up with a plan for you to work with the land your property is sitting on.

Just make sure, however, to listen carefully to the engineers. The last thing you want to do is spend a million dollars on a home only to see it collapse because of your stubbornness.

Breaking and digging up the land

The next step in the foundation-laying process is to break and dig up the land itself, which involves a lot of manual labor and power tools to get the job done.

Though the concept is simple enough, it is the execution of the digging that complicates matters. Soil composition, rocks, roots and even water can pose technical and practical problems in the construction process, requiring more time and specialized equipment to deal with.

This is especially true if you plan to build a heavy structure upon loose or rocky land. Such terrain might support a light building, but heavier structures need to have deeper foundations if they are to last for a long time to come.

Adding reinforced steel

This process is also known as rebarring, and will serve to hold the concrete in place while adding to the overall strength of the established foundation.

Concrete can handle a very large amount of vertical stress as it compresses down on the stuff. The problem with concrete, however, is that it does not fare too well if it is pulled in an outward direction. Reinforced steel is then shaped into square forms, welded unto vertical bars and then placed before the concrete is poured in.

This 'holds' the concrete together, allowing it to bear a heavy load without cracking due to the horizontal pressure exerted by 'squeezing' or other external forces. This is especially important for deep foundations, where a slight change in the direction of forces can tear down an entire building.

Pumping in the concrete

The last step in the process is the actual pouring of the concrete, which will then be left to dry and harden.

The tough, malleable properties of concrete make it an ideal choice for foundations, with the reinforced steel addressing the tensile weakness of concrete. Crushed rocks and stones can even be added to the concrete to give it even more tensile strength, making the mixture ideal for lighter structures like houses and cottages.

Keep all this in mind when you are looking at a piece of land, and you will be able to give a quick assessment of its ability to hold a structure in place.

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Qualities of Steel That Make it an Important Construction Material

Materials that are used for construction of various buildings that include residential structures, office buildings and other kinds of structures have to be according to the various specifications that have been laid out by the governments of the land in which the construction is going on. There are certain qualities that are very important in the materials used for the construction.

Steel is a very commonly used material that is used for construction of various structures. This is because this material that is widely used in the construction of huge buildings has certain important qualities that are not present in many other materials that can be got for the same price as of steel. These are all listed below:

1. Does not break easily:

Steel is a material that does not really break under normal stressful conditions like many of the other construction material. The inherent strength in terms of tensile strength makes it to be very strong and breaks only under extreme conditions. Steel buildings are common becaus of this.

2. Can be molded and twisted:

This is one of the greatest advantages of using this as a material in construction. None of the common materials used for the construction of various structures can be molded or twisted and turned like this material. This makes it to be very useful in constructions.

3. Easily available:

Steel is a material that is not very expensive and is also easily available in all parts of the world. This is another advantage as a material that is used in almost all types of constructions these days. Easy availability and mass production of this material has made it to be a part of all the constructions.

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Megastructure : Construction of Burj Al Arab 5

World's Tallest Hotel. Documentary series about huge engineering projects. A look at the construction of the world's tallest hotel, the Burj Al-Arab off the coast of Dubai. Rising 321 metres from an artificial island in the Arabian Gulf, this sail-like structure boasts numerous technical innovations, including the largest fabric wall and atrium in the world, and a 'floating' restaurant. First envisioned by Dubai's crown prince, the project was entrusted to an inexperienced firm of British architects.



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Concrete Structures

How Far is Masonry Veneer Used in the Construction Process?

A thin covering which gives an attractive appearance on application and that which conceals the real appearance or true nature of the object or building is called veneer. The materials which are often used for making veneer are wood and stone (it might be either a natural stone or field stone). Most of the veneers are constructed using stone, because stones have unique beauty on their own and one such veneer, which makes use of stones and bricks are masonry veneer.

Masonry veneer

- It is constructed using thin pieces of brick or stone and it is supported using an air space.
- Even though, it gets attached to the structure of the building, it is self-supportive and it does not give any additional load on the components of the building structure.
- This type is also known as curtain walls.

Methods of constructing wall

1. Using masonry veneer, the walls are constructed based on two methods.

2. One is the anchored wall system which depends on brick ties and angle brackets to hold the wall of the veneer to the frame of the building structure. On anchorage, it gives stability, safety and security.

3. And the other one is adhered wall system; here it is attached by using a thin layer of mortar (a building material used for joining stones and bricks) to the wall structure. As mortar is used for the binding process, adhered system does not depend on the brick ties.

4. Anyhow, the strength of the masonry wall is not totally dependent upon the bond of the building material and the mortar, the friction that exists between the interlocking blocks of masonry provides enough strength on its own. Sometimes, some grooves might be present in the blocks, which improve the interlocking of the blocks.

5. These two systems are used for construction on taking into consideration the design of the building and other wind-related risk factors.

6. The exterior walls are constructed using masonry veneer and mortar. To give support to the wall, stones are used depending on the type used.

7. As already pointed out, it is self-supportive and it does not require any backer board.

Advantages

It provides various advantages when compared to other types of construction, such as

- The air cavity in these walls effectively drains out water and moisture, thus preventing the damage of the home.
- The water gets transported freely up to the bottom of the air cavity, from there it is drained outside through tiny holes in the veneer called weep holes.
- The thermal resistance of the wall gets increased as the air cavity in the wall provides insulation.
- On the whole, masonry veneer on application enhances the visual appearance of the home and increases its property value.

THE FUTURE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING