The period between 1940 and 1970 saw the construction of buildings with extremely poor energy efficiency in the United States. Since the oil crisis of the 70s, the nation has been slowly turning back to energy conservation. Among energy-efficient construction methods currently in use in this country are passive solar, super insulation, earth sheltering, adobe, and cordwood. In the future bio shelters may serve as homes.
Passive solar features are elements of building design that directly utilise Sun and Shade to achieve heating, cooling, or lighting. Such passive elements include a southern orientation, overhangs, deciduous trees to shut out sun in the summer and admit it in the winter, thick walls and floors, and attached solar greenhouses. Most can be incorporated into buildings during their siting and construction at no cost or a modest cost that is recoverable through energy savings.
A particularly promising energy saving technique is super insulation: doubling the normal insulation and adding an airtight barrier. Super insulation may be combined with passive solar features. Usually, super insulated homes use window glazing that admits light, but prevents heat loss. Ventilation is provided by air to air heat exchangers.
Underground structures benefit from the fact that below the frost line the earth remains a relatively stable 54°F. They also offer such advantages as low maintenance, protection from natural and man-made disasters, and conservation of above ground space.
One of the most striking underground complex is built in this country is that 10 L of rooms, passages, and gardens at Fresno, California, that Baldasare Forestiere dug out alone, using only hand tools over 40 years.
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